Moko disease can also be confused with banana blood disease, caused by the socalled blood disease bacterium ralstonia sp. In the present study, chlorine dioxide and seven resistance inducers in banana plants musa sp. Current status of moko disease and black sigatoka in latin. This bacterium also causes bugtok of banana, and is closely related to the blood disease bacterium which causes blood. This document illustrates some of the phytosanitary problems that affect banana and plantain crops, aiming to publicize the causes, the. Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus musa and for the fruit they produce. Transcriptomic data of the musa balbisiana cultivar kepok. Yellow zone managing moko disease of banana in latin. Insecttransmitted and moko disease causing strains that were distributed into phylotypes iia6, iib3, and iib4 are devastating to banana production. Ralstonia syzygii, the blood disease bacterium and some asian. The products were applied on the leaves using a manual pressure sprayer. Pierces disease of grapevines sinavef fusariosis of the pineapple black stem rust of wheat ug99 moko disease of banana sinavef banana xanthomonas wilt karnal or partial bunt of wheat banana wilt. B, the dessert banana gros michel aaa, 2n3x33 killed by panama disease or fusarium wilt.
The disease was noticed in november 2003 in a few fields at maroon town, st james north west of the island on banana and plantain showing wilting and reduced fruit size. Moko is a deadly disease of banana, plantain and similar crops. Bananas are high in vitamin a, c and bg plantains are also rich in vitamin a. The history and socioeconomics of cultivation sedeer elshowk february 2007 contents 1 introduction 1 2 history of domestication 2 3 history of cropping 3. Comparative study of microorganism associated with the. Moko disease of plantain and banana, also known as bacterial wilt, vascular. Yellowing of younger leaves is the primary symptom.
Ralstonia solanacearum is a vascular soilborne plant pathogen with an unusually broad host range. Banana is widely grown throughout the tropics, but the mode and scale of. Bits are small portions of the banana plant cut from the rhizome corm of the plant and a bud is attached suckers are shoots growing from the rhizome of banana plants and they grow into new plants 1. A disease outbreak in trinidad in the late 1890s caused severe losses of moko cooking bananas. Mokobugtok disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum and banana blood disease caused by r. Economic impact first recorded in guyana in 1840 in moko plantain reductions in yield due to moko of up to 74% have been reported in guyana. Identification and integrated pest management in banana and. Susceptible varieties are the robusta and poovan from tamilnadu. When planting bits, the planting depth must be 10 cm and the bit also about 10 cm 2. Of course, she went on to talk about french plantain and horse plantain, but that i will leave for a next time. Comparative genomic analysis of ralstonia solanacearum. Banana is one of the popular fruits cultivated in malaysia.
Moko and bugtok diseases of banana are caused by ralstonia solanacearum smith yabuuchi et al. The plant disease moko, caused by ralstonia solanacearum, is the most important bacterial disease in banana and plantain crops worldwide. Bacterial wilt disease and the ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Infection with black streak deaf can interrupt ripening, causing fruit to ripen prematurely and unevenly, and as a result becoming unsuitable for export. Gros michel was the major export banana before spread of the disease led to its replacement by the variety cavendish which accounts for nearly all the export trade in banana.
Moko disease is the name given to the deadly bac terial wilt of bananas, plantains and bluggoe maugh. Global banana production is seriously threatened by the reemergence of a fusarium wilt. Ica plans to continue these efforts in 20, but emphasizes exports are unlikely to be affected significantly. Moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccinati youtube. Moko disease of banana caused by ralstonia solanacearum race 2 eppo a2 list is reported from jamaica. Biocontrol on the destructive disease, the use of antagonist.
However, most moko strains are also pathogenic on tomato solanum lycopersicon, unlike bdb. Even though the disease was found in only one municipality on the border, the growers information was that a severe disease, called banana fever, had destroyed many plantations in the past, with symptoms that matched those of moko mello, 1981. The pathogens enter the banana tree through root wounds, and quickly grow and spread throughout the. All colonize plant xylem vessels and cause wilt diseases, but with significant biological differences. This pathogen attacks all banana varieties and was first detected in mexico in the central basin of the state of chiapas in 1991. Abstract en as one of the most important cash crop in the world, banana cropping is constantly threatened by a lot of diseases. This bacterium also causes bugtok of banana, and is closely related to the blood. Phylogeny and population structure of brown rot and moko. Banana moko disease management with resistance inducers and. It is caused by a bacterium, ralstonia pseudomonas solanacearum race 2, unknown strain.
Pdf banana moko disease management with resistance inducers. Some lineages include highly hostadapted strains ecotypes, such as the banana moko disease causing strains, the coldtolerant. The central leaves break at a sharp angle while still green. Moko disease produces dramatic symptoms of wilt, dieback and death of banana and. Banana in young plants, wilt and subsequent plant death is rapid. The symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of blood disease are similar to, and could be confused with, those of insecttransmitted strains of moko disease in latin america and bugtok disease in the philippines, caused by race 2 of ralstonia solanacearum moko disease, as well as banana xanthomonas wilt in east africa xanthomonas.
Usually, it is not possible to distinguish moko and bdb based on the symptoms. Tom creswell, plant disease diagnosticiandirector, purdue plant and pest diagnostic lab. Jan 28, 20 the colombian agricultural institute ica registered the elimination of 731 hectares of plantain and banana farms in 2011 and 2012, as part of an eradication program to stop bacterial wilt moko disease in its tracks. Jul 20, 2017 bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak mycosphaerella fijiensis and fusarium wilt fusarium oxysporum f. Talelike effectors are an ancestral feature of the. Monitoring of bananas moko disease ralstonia solanacearum. Free fulltext pdf articles from hundreds of disciplines, all in one place a duplex pcr assay for the detection of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii strains in musa spp. Bacterial diseases of bananas and enset have not received, until recently, an equal amount of attention compared to other major threats to banana production such as the fungal diseases black leaf streak mycosphaerella fijiensis and fusarium wilt fusarium oxysporum f.
Not only the wastage of banana can be avoided but also production of high quality banana can be. Since the outbreak of the banana bacterial wilt disease which was first reported in 2007, the disease has caused great yield reduction. Frontiers history and status of selected hosts of the. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are also present in the ripe peel and. During the 1950s, a first outbreak of panama disease almost. Prevent people, animals, and vehicles from entering this zone. A major phylogenetic issue was that moko iib4 strains were phylogenetically undistinguishable from emergent strains and new pathological variants assigned to iib4npb by use of a neutral marker. A fungicide in the peel and pulp of green fruits is active against a fungus disease of tomato plants. Some basic elements of banana cultivation banana musa acuminata or musa balbisiana is a giant herbaceous plant and is complete in its morphological characteristics, i. For more information please contact us via email from my phone.
The npb strains form an emerging monophyletic group that appears to have diverged recently from musa infecting strains in sequevar 4. In the philippines, the two diseases may seem different because moko is observed more often affecting the export variety cavendish with wilt symptom while bugtok is very common in cooking bananas like saba and cardaba as fruit pulp discoloration. Sustainable management of moko and bugtok diseases of banana. When planting bits, the planting depth must be 10 cm and the bit.
The disease, caused by the soilborne fungi fusarium oxysporum f. A brown and dry rot of the fruits is present only in the case of moko disease. Unlike the generalist strains found across the rssc, some strains from phylotypes ii and iv are highly hostspecific and are epidemiologically restricted to musa species ailloud et al. Yellow zone managing moko disease of banana in latin america. Banana moko disease management with resistance inducers. Both banana and plantain are a good source of potassium while being low in sodium. Domestication, genomics and the future for banana annals of. Insecttransmitted and moko diseasecausing strains that were distributed into phylotypes iia6, iib3, and iib4 are devastating to banana production.
Moko disease due to ralstonia solanacearum smith, phylotype ii xanthomonas wilt bacteria wilt caused by xanthomonas vasicola pv. The colombian agricultural institute ica registered the elimination of 731 hectares of plantain and banana farms in 2011 and 2012, as part of an eradication program to stop bacterial wilt moko disease in its tracks. Moko disease is prevalent in latin america and has been reported to cause yield losses of. Moko disease is a major disease of plantainbanana in guyana. Moko disease leaflet ministry of agriculture, forestry, fisheries. Mokobugtok disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum and banana blood. Pdf banana moko disease management with resistance. Moko disease, caused by race 2 of the bacterium ralstonia solanacearum, can be confused with panama disease because it causes many of the above symptoms however, unlike panama disease moko causes wilt and chlorosis on plants that are younger than about 4 months old, and will also discolor internal portions of fruit. This pathogen attacks all banana varieties and was first detected in mexico in the central basin of the state of. It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus fusarium oxysporum f. This is a result of the peel forming tiny interfruit membranes which cause the banana to appear as though it has been sliced before it is peeled. Not all diseases are treatable by phytopharmaceutical products. Many microorganisms have been isolated from banana, actually spoilt banana. Yellowing progresses downward gradually leading to.
Other formae speciales attack a wide variety of other crops, including cotton, flax, tomatoes, cabbages, peas, sweet potatoes, watermelons and oil palms. Moko bugtok disease caused by ralstonia solanacearum and banana blood disease caused by r. Pdf the plant disease moko, caused by ralstonia solanacearum, is the most important bacterial disease in banana and plantain crops worldwide. Moko disease of banana and plantain purdue university. It is widespread throughout the plantainbanana growing areas. Technical manual food and agriculture organization. In india, the disease was first reported from west bengal.
Diseases of banana and their management springerlink. Mar 25, 2010 moko is moko, an plantain is plantain. While cold winter weather has placed most plant diseases on hold in the midwest we can look to tropical regions for active pathogens. Having your own access to delicious, healthy bananas can be wonderful if youre prepared for an extensive growing period. An integrated approach appears to be feasible in management of banana disease that includes use of improvedresistant cultivars and disease free planting stocks, judicious use of pesticides, irrigation water, removal of diseased plants and plant parts, proper sanitation in plantation and a close monitoring of the diseases in relation to weather. The disruption of photosynthesis can reduce fruit yield by up to 50%. Aside from prophylaxis, their early detection is becoming a priority for large scale banana. These losses could be avoided through better management of banana production system including disease and pest management, bunch care during production, and postharvest management of banana including cool chain and appropriate marketing system. The ralstonia solanacearum species complex includes r. Based on this information she may have had a point and now i know why. Banana is a staple food crop for millions of people, vital to food security and ranks in the worlds top four food products roux et al. Pdf on sep 22, 2006, jose ricardo liberato and others published moko disease of banana ralstonia solanacearum find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. The increasing production of banana is hampered by the spread of banana plant diseases, one of which is caused by a group of bacteria, including those of causing wilt diseases.
Moko disease of banana is caused by the soilborne bacterium, ralstonia solanacearum race 2. A high intake of sodium has always been implicated with hypertension, a chronic disease that afflicts many virgin islanders. Aside from prophylaxis, their early detection is becoming a priority for large scale banana growers. Bxw can be confused with fusarium wilt, caused by a fungus. Jul 17, 2016 moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccination technology. The pathogen is resistant to fungicides and until now, its control is limited to phytosanitary measures.
Segmented banana chilling injury to fruit one of the less common plantain diseases is exostentialis clittellus referred to by most plantain and banana farmers as segmented banana. In older plants, the inner leaf first turns yellow near the petiole. The symptoms of moko disease are very similar to those of banana blood disease bdb, caused by blood disease bacterium, which is considered a member of the r. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Managing moko disease of banana in latin america and the caribbean yellow zone corresponds to plants growing within a radius of 5 m around the red zone 1. Applies to potential carriers of banana freckle and panama disease tropical race 4 prohibited matter outcome is to prevent entry into nsw listed in schedule 2 of the biosecurity act includes banana freckle, banana bract mosiac virus, spider mite, black sigatoka, blood disease, eumusae leaf spot, moko and panama disease tropical race 4.
Ralstonia syzygii, the blood disease bacterium and some. Moko diseases of banana cured using crop vaccination technology. Panama disease or fusarium wilt is a plant disease that infects banana plants musa spp. Panana disease, yellow sigatoka, black sigatoka, moko disease, etc. However, bacteria cause significant impacts on bananas globally and management practices are not always well. This economically destructive and globally distributed bacterium has thousands of distinct lineages within a heterogeneous and taxonomically disputed species complex. In indonesia, blood disease is one of the important banana wilt diseases since loss. In 2004, rada detected a strange disease at three locations in st. Black sigatoka is a very destructive disease to the foliage of banana trees. The history and socioeconomics of cultivation sedeer elshowk february 2007 contents 1 introduction 1. Yellowing progresses downward gradually leading to drooping and drying of leaves. Common diseases in banana hashani amarasinghe 512260181 open university of sri lanka hashani amarasinghe bis agriculture 2.
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